《世界上最优美的散文--人生短篇》

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世界上最优美的散文--人生短篇- 第8部分


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ng; that is; the art of representing any natural object faithfully; has as yet only learned the language by which hi s thoughts are to be expressed。 he has done just as much towards being that whic h we ought to respect as a great painter; as a man who has learnt how to express himself grammatically and melodiously has towards being a great poet。 the langu age is; indeed; more difficult of acquirement in the one case than in the other; and possesses more power of delighting the sense; while it speaks to the intell ect; but it is; nevertheless; nothing more than language; and all those excellen ces which are peculiar to the painter as such; are merely what rhythm; melody; p recision; and force are in the words of the orator and the poet; necessary to th eir greatness; but not the tests of their greatness。 it is not by the mode of re presenting and saying; but by what is represented and said; that the respective greatness either of the painter or the writer is to be finally determined。

    so that; if i say that the greatest picture is that which conveys to the min d of the spectator the greatest number of the greatest ideas; i have a definitio n which will include as subjects of comparison every pleasure which art is capab le of conveying。 if i were to say; on the contrary; that the best picture was th at which most closely imitated nature; i should assume that art could only pleas e by imitating nature; and i should cast out of the pale of criticism those part s of works of art which are not imitative; that is to say; intrinsic beauties of color and form; and those works of art wholly; which; like the arabesques of ra ffaelle in the loggias; are not imitative at all。 now; i want a definition of ar t wide enough to include all its varieties of aim。 i do not say; therefore; that the art is greatest which gives most pleasure; because perhaps there is some ar t whose end is to teach; and not to please。 i do not say that the art is greates t which teaches us most; because perhaps there is some art whose end is to pleas e; and not to teach。 i do not say that the art is greatest which imitates best; because perhaps there is some art whose end is to create and not to imitate。 but i say that the art is greatest which conveys to the mind of the spectator; by a ny means whatsoever; the greatest number of the greatest ideas; and i call an id ea great in proportion as it is received by a higher faculty of the mind; and as it mere fully ocomupies; and in ocomupying; exercises and exalts; the faculty by which it is received。

    if this; then; be the definition of great art; that of a great artist natura lly follows。 he is the greatest artist who has embodied; in the sum of his works ; the greatest number of the greatest ideas。

    

第1卷 第三章

    小小伟人

    奥利弗。哥尔德斯密斯

    奥利弗。哥尔德斯密斯(1730—1774),英国剧作家、诗人、散文家。主要作品有小说 《威克菲尔德牧师》,喜剧《曲身求爱》,诗歌《荒村》等。其散文风格平易近人,风趣幽 默,本篇文章正体现了这种风格。

    在翻阅本地报纸的时候,我计算了一下,在不到半年的时间里,这里至少出了25名伟人 ,17名非常伟大的人,9名非常杰出的人。报上说,这些人都会受到后人的敬仰;他们显赫 的名字将为世世代代所惊叹。让我想想——如果半年出46名伟人,那一年下来就有92 名。 我不知道后来的人怎么可能记住这么多的伟人,也不知道将来人们除了背诵伟人名册之外, 还有没有其他的事情要『操』心。

    公司的总裁开始演讲了,他马上被当成伟人记录下来;平庸的学者压缩他的著作出对开 本了,很快也成为伟人;诗人用押韵的形式把陈旧的感伤串连起来,一时间也成为伟人。无 论受到仰慕的对象多么渺小,身后总会有一群更加渺小的仰慕者跟随。随行的人们一声欢呼 ,他便大步走向伟大,得意洋洋地回头看看那群追随者,一路领略各式各样古怪、离奇、荒 诞和自命不凡的渺小者。

    昨天,有位先生请我吃饭,他保证请我吃一块鹿的腰胴肉、一只甲鱼,并且晋见—位伟 人。我如约而至。鹿肉味道不错,甲鱼也很好,但是,那个伟人却让人难以忍受。我刚一开 口说话,立刻就遭到他的厉声驳斥。为了挽回些面子,我试图接二连三地发起进攻,却又被 稀里糊涂地击退。我决定再次从战壕发起冲锋,把谈论的焦点转到中国『政府』上来。即使在这 个问题上,他还是一如既往地断言、斥责、反驳。天啊,我想,这个人竟然装作比我还了解 中国!我朝四下里望望,想看看有谁站在我这一边,但是,每只眼睛都敬慕地凝视着这位伟 人。因此,我想自己还是安安静静地坐着,在其后的谈话里当个好好先生才是上策。

    一个人一旦拥有了一批仰慕者,他就会做出自认为合理其实非常荒唐的事;别人还以为 他的言行都是感情的升华或者是大智若愚。假如他违背了常识,就算把茶壶当成烟盒,也会 有人辩解说,那是因为他在专心致志地思考大事:要是他们的言谈举止跟常人无异,那他们 就跟常人一样算不上伟人了。伟大这个概念涵盖了某种奇特的东西,因为对于跟我们非常相 似的事物,我们很少会感到惊讶。

    鞑靼人立喇嘛,最先考虑的是把他放在寺庙里的阴暗角落,让他若隐若现地坐在那里, 调整手、嘴唇和眼睛的活动;但最重要的是,他必须做到庄严和肃静。然而这只是把他奉为 神明的序曲:一批使者被派到民间去,称赞他是非常虔诚、庄严、热爱混沌未开的众生;人 们听信了使者的话,就把喇嘛当作偶像顶礼膜拜;他一动不动地接受人们的称颂,于是成为 神,从此由下面的僧人用那不朽的勺子喂养。这个国家也可以使用相同的办法制造伟人。偶 像只需把自己藏起来,然后派出手下的小使者为他高唱赞歌,不管是政治家还是作家,都会 立即被列入伟人名单;如果时兴赞美,如果他对公众谨小慎微地掩盖了自身的渺小,他会一 直受到赞美。

    我游历过许多国家,也去过无数的城市,但没有诞生过十一二位这种小伟人的城市,我 还从来没有见识过。他们都认为自己是世界闻名的,并且互相恭维对方的伟大。如果有两个 这样的人相互客套、相互吹捧的时候,是非常有趣的。我曾见到过这样一件事:一位德国医 生把一位修道士大肆赞扬了一番,在场的人们都把他当作了世上最有智慧的人;然后,修道 士又反过来把医生恭维了一番,跟他平分了这份美誉。于是,这两人在众人的掌声中阔步离 去。

    过分的赞美不仅仅陪伴着我们伟人的生前,甚至也会不多不少地伴随他进入坟墓。经常 会有下面事情发生:他的一个小小的崇拜者因为他这个大人物而取得成功,于是把他的生平 和著作编成年表。把这称之为炉火边和安乐椅之间的人生革命,可能是恰当的。我们从这份 年表中可以知道,这位伟人是哪年出生的,早年什么时候就表现出了不同寻常的天分和勤奋 的迹象,以及他的伯母和母亲所收集的他小时候说过的一些妙语。第二本书会介绍他上大学 时的情况,书中告诉我们,他在学业上取得了非常惊人进步,补袜子的技术非常高超,而且 有用纸包书保护封面的新发明。紧接着,他又在文学界崭『露』头角,出版了对开本的书。现在 ,伟人成熟了,他的作品被所有喜欢收藏珍本的人争相购买,各种学术团体竞相邀请他参加 ;他跟某位拉丁名字很长的外国人辩论并战胜对手,得到几位严肃的大作家的赞扬;他特别 喜欢吃猪肉蘸鸡蛋沙司,他成为一家文学俱乐部的『主席』并在荣誉到达巅峰时去世。他们是多 么幸福啊,因为某个小小的忠实随从,不仅不会抛弃他们,而且准备与每个反对者辩论,当 着反对者的面歌颂他们;同时准备在他们生前渲染他们的骄傲,在他们死后美化他们的品行 。至于你跟我,朋友,因为没有谦恭的追随者相伴,我们现在不是伟人,将来也不可能成为 伟人,而且也不在乎自己是否是个伟人,但是,我们至少可以争取做一个拥有平常心的老实 人。

    a little great man

    oliver goldsmith

    in reading the newspapers here; i have reckoned up not less than twentyfiv e great men; seventeen very great men; and nine very extraordinary men in less t han the compass of half a year。 these; say the gazettes; are the men that poster ity are to gaze at with admiration; these the names that fame will be employed i n holding up for the astonishment of sucomeeding ages。 let me see — fortysix g 
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